Lasting Effects of the European Renaissance How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay Example

Lasting Effects of the European Renaissance: How the Traditions Continue in Modern American Societ Essay The European Renaissance, dating from the 15th through the 17th century, was a time of resounding changes in politics, art, science, religion, and understanding of humanity. The artists and great thinkers of this period, sought to reflect realism and logic   through their works. From this time period, ideas have flourished which still effect the very structures of American society today. The latent influence of the European Renaissance can still be seen in the continuing traditions seen in modern day art, economics, politics, and education.It is commonly believed that the Renaissance period began in the independent state republics of Italy and spread through the rest of Europe. With their inclination toward quasi-democratic political systems and a fundamental economic system which would later be seen as the advent of capitalism, the ideas that carried to the North, South, East, and West from cities such as Florence had an immense impact on not only the cultural and social tradition s of Europe but also the political and economic. With decimation of the population, due to the spread of the black plague throughout Europe, the traditional ideas and systems would thrown into an upheaval. The economic structure was heavily strained by a loss in population and consequently demand. Without a public to whom they could sell their wares, artisans and farmers suffered.The changes and hardship wrought by the plague allowed for an opening for new ideas to flourish. The middle-class began to be seen in the major cities of Europe, fueling the once-crippled economy. This new social structure has continued through the ages, just as the capitalism that supports it has also flourished. Though the category has more recently been delineated to lower-middle class, upper-middle class, and simply middle-class, the precedent of economic separations beyond upper and lower class was established and is now an ingrained part of American life. Not only is there still a definite class syste m, with a distinct separation between the rich and poor but as noted above in the categorization of different types of middle class, it has also become a part of the culture. How often is a character in a movie called â€Å"working class† or â€Å"blue collar†? Can mention be made in the news on any financial topic without reference to a â€Å"middle† â€Å"lower† or â€Å"upper class†? Economically, America remains as divided as Renaissance-era Europe.The beginnings of modern trade and exploration were seen with the advent of new navigational tools   and a better understanding of astronomy and science. With new trade routes established, Europe saw in influx of foreign goods such as spices and a spike in trade between the countries. This precursor to free trade, helped to enrich and build the economies. In Florence, the banking systems helped to maintain and regulate the growth of wealth operating not   unlike the modern banking system of savin gs and loan. The U.S.’s current economic system, based as it is on free enterprise and trade could not have grown into it’s current incarnate without these early developments. Much like today, trade was regulated by demand and new technology. The advent of the printing press made the printed word more accessible to the masses and increased exploration allowed for wider trade capabilities. This spread of knowledge can be likened to Internet in it’s ability to bring together the populace and help with the spread of new ideas. Most notable for the Renaissance is the spread of humanism which we can still see in the human interest side of journalism or even the more recent fascination of the American public with reality television. The Renaissance idea of realism is taken to a final extreme in the staged realism of such shows as Survivor and Big Brother. Realism has grown to become a novelty as much as an art form.Owing to the tragedy of the plague, people began to r eflect on their own mortality and to think beyond the church-backed philosophy of living for the hereafter. Europeans experienced a push for reform of the church in the form of such figures as Martin Luther and John Calvin. Calvin’s brand of Protestantism found itself imported to America with the settlers in New England. The puritanical traditions on which the U.S. was founded, directly resulted from the preceding reforms in Europe resulting from the Protestant Reformation and the growing religious persecution. There are still tendrils of this tradition within American society, where fundamental ideals still dominate public politics on subjects ranging from social policies involving homosexuality and censorship to education. Though no longer as censorious as it once was, the American government still exercises control over television and radio content through the FCC and the scientific community felt the restraints of religious influence in the ban on stem cell research enact ed by former president George W. Bush.The influences of the European Renaissance cannot be understated in the role it played on the future of education and through this the future of the continent and the Americas. Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy and political thought came to the forefront as works which had long been lost to Western society were once more introduced. Among these ideas was the idea of education for all; whereby during the Middle Ages only the upper class and royalty were privy to an education, these old-new ideals along with the previously noted invention of the printing press, spread literacy throughout Europe and along with it new ideas. These new ideas help found movements, and a growth of new philosophies. New ideas of democracy and a pull away from the monarchal traditions of many European countries reached a climax with the emigration of the first settlers to the   Americas and the eventual establishment of the United States.Art is most commonly associate d with the Renaissance period for good reason. Paintings and sculptures began to reflect the human form in a more natural and realistic state; while the subjects were largely religious the innovations of form and light, contrast all helped to contribute to the artistic traditions of the Renaissance. These same principles can be seen in not only contemporary art   but also photography, graphic design, architecture and cinematography. The images we see each day when walking down the street or watching commercials on TV was shaped by these basic principles.The new ideas of the European Renaissance grew to become the ideals which have shaped American society and thought. The innovations in science, art, politics, religion and education have all continued to grow from their original ideals established by Renaissance thinkers and artists. The very precepts on which American society was founded and continues to grow, namely that of democracy and capitalism, began with the changes in Euro pe during the 15th century. That these concepts continue to be modernized with the newest technologies is a testament to the innovative nature of that society and our own.ReferencesBrotton, J. (2006). The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press: Cambridge.

Frankenstein Essay Example

Frankenstein Essay Example Frankenstein Essay Frankenstein Essay Essay Topic: Frankenstein Name: Course: Institution: Date: : Frankenstein The analysis of the different styles, techniques and structure of the novel Frankenstein will involve a synopsis of the book as well as the final letters written by Robert Walton. A detailed analysis of the narration technique and instances of changing information in the published works will make up the body of the essay. The essay will conclude with the writing styles and an in-depth understanding of the creature’s behavior. In Chapter 8 of the novel Frankenstein, the scene begins at a court proceeding. The whole of Victor’s family had been requested as witnesses, and he accompanied them as a formality. The case involved the death of William, Victor’s younger brother and a suspected assailant, a teenage girl who was falsely accused of murdering the child. Justine was brought in and questioned by the counsels on her whereabouts on the night of the murder. Her answers made her the most probable suspect. Her cousin Elizabeth even tried to ouch for her good conduct in court. Later, Justine confessed that she was the killer and when Victor and Elizabeth asked her why did this, she said the creature had tormented and threatened her into submission. Finally, Justine was sentenced to death. The remainders of Victor’s days are filled with remorse, guilt, and in the process, he develops a plan to go after the monster and kill it with the hope that it would redeem him of his sins. Walton’s final letter The final letter is part of a series of letters that continued the Frankenstein story later. In the letters, Walton becomes the narrator of the story. Robert Walton was an explorer who chanced upon Victor Frankenstein during his last hours and listened to his tales that he documented through letters. The series of letters discloses Victor’s regrets. He created the monster that caused rampage by killing nearly all his family members and neighbors. The letters also reveal Victor’s plan to hunt down and destroy the monster. Walton’s final letter, dated September 12, narrates Victor’s adamancy to staying in the inhospitable climate until he finished off his enemy. The stress and illness soon killed Victor just as the monster made its way into the ship. Victor’s final moments were shared by the monster who narrated to Victor how it began its reign of terror. At the end, the monster vows to retreat to the frozen north until he would die. Layering of narration The integration of the narration of the two parties within the novel by Mary Shelley displays a new method through which the reader can understand the main theme in the book to totality. The storyline as narrated by Victor and by the creature compliment each other in strengthening the theme intended by Shelley. The creature, on his part, expresses how it came into the world through the hands of Frankenstein. It narrates its first contact with man and the hostile reaction that it received that slowly cultivated the idea of being a monster to avenge these wrongs. Throughout the creature’s narration, the reader is allowed to view life from its perspective. Within Walton’s narration, there is clear evidence that he came across Victor’s notes concerning the monster. Walton, therefore, validates Victor’s story by carrying on the monster chase that was started by the creator. The narrative in Frankenstein shifts from Victor Frankenstein to Robert Walton to the monster and back to Walton. Each shift in perspective creates a new personality set and new information is provided. Each narrator gives information exclusive to him or her. Victor describes the creation of the monster, Walton explains the conditions of Victor’s last days, and the monster explains how he transformed to being evil. The duality in the narration also reflects the different perspectives that Victor and the monster have. From Victor’s perspective, the monster is a wicked and revolting creature while from the monster’s narration; we see that it is an emotional and thoughtful being. The recounting of William’s murder is the best example of the contrast between these two perspectives. While Victor, in his letter to his father, focuses on the beastly acts of the monster, the creature’s version states the emotional reason as to why he murdered William. In doing so, the reader can understand the actions of the monster even if one cannot sympathize with him. Using a dual narrative style, the reader gets the opportunity to understand events from two perspectives that eventually shape their opinions of each character. This style may also be somewhat confusing as alternates the narrators between scenes or chapters but serves as a good technique in enabling one to comprehend the no vel as a whole. Instances of Victor’s editing and revision of Walton’s letters Some of the comments noted down as Victor’s such as the famous inspiration quote that stated: â€Å"Inspirited by this wind of promise, my daydreams become more fervent and vivid† might have easily been Walton’s words. The trend with which the production of Frankenstein found itself as a novel was somewhat questionable. The story started as a letter to his sister, Saville and to his journal, to transcripts and lastly, as a publication. The similarity that exists in the character traits between Robert Walton and Victor Frankenstein might have extended to their works of literature. They showed strong similarities in the correction, in later volumes. The usage of certain words within the story in the context in which it was written were later changed either by Victor himself, Walton or the later publishers. Words such as â€Å"terrific†, â€Å"awful† and â€Å"wonderful† meant different things during the time of their usage. These words were la ter on changed to make the publication maintain its credibility and meaning. Word choice, language, voice, and audience Within the novel, the author uses basic words and sentences to bring out the message. The complexity within the work of Mary Shelley is clearly lacking. Frankenstein’s creation was not the real monster. Although the creature had much gruesome behavior, it nevertheless harbored human-like characteristics that cannot be ignored. The narrator within the chapter is Victor Frankenstein, and he gave his own opinion of the creation of the monster. In doing so, the reader sees the highlighted monstrosity of the creature. This creates a bias towards agreeing with Victor that the creature was one that even â€Å"Dante could not have conceived†. The choice of diction in the introduction of the creature when the narrator says that it was created on a dreary night in November shows that Frankenstein was only concerned about the monster and not the consequences it would have on him and his family. The reference to certain gothic features such as the pattering of rain and pitch darkness brought up a psychic feeling. This technique is used in Frankenstein to mark the beginning of a new era in which Victor and his monster world terrorize the world. The author’s choice of phraseology that described the monster is important. Instead of accounting for the detailed moments when Frankenstein witnessed the creature awakening, the author uses certain phrases like its dull yellow eye opened, and that it breathed hard and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs. Frankenstein was portrayed as having lustrous black hair and teeth of a pearly whiteness as well as watery eyes. The intention was to bring out the monster in the creature ba sed on the creature alone. The language used by the monster presented to the reader an almost civilized and human creature. The creature displayed confusion that might be mistaken for monstrosity by the audience. The humanity of the creature is further illustrated when he first wakes up and greets Frankenstein with a grin that indicates no sign of monstrosity. The other part of the narration is taken up by Victor Frankenstein. Victor engages on a similar story as that of the creature although he narrates it from the other perspective. Victor describes the character change in the monster from the time of creation to the moment it started turning against people and harming them. The narration by Victor offered a far more detailed experience as it associates itself with the way in which the majority of people react to a monster. The novel Frankenstein provides the reader with a great variety when it comes to narration. The complex narrative system rotates around Robert Walton, Victor and the monster. These three main characters share different levels of audience with each other and the reader. There are at least four levels of audiences in the novel. Walton, Saville and his companions share a first audience as they communicate through the letters that readers can also view. Victor and Walton share a first audience while the two and Saville share a second audience when they discuss the idea of creating and hunting down the monster. Lastly, the De Laceys, the monster and Frankenstein share a first audience while the two, Walton and Seville share a third and fourth audience. The readers belong in the last group of audiences. Understanding of the Creature’s character From the onset, the creation of the monster by Victor Frankenstein displayed an inclination to regard the outcome as inhuman. The monster was created from an assembly of dead body parts and chemicals. The monster was immediately abandoned by his master that forced him to a lonely life away from family or any other form of companionship. This early neglect by Victor Frankenstein was one of the causes of the behavior change in the monster. The monster narrates how he sought companionship among other human beings who rejected him in the same way that he was rejected by his master. In return, the monster swore he would avenge all the pain he had experienced. Viewing the novel from Victor’s perspective, a reader might be mistaken that his creation was a purely evil monster. Contrary to what was emotionally portrayed by Victor to be a monster, the creature in Frankenstein provided a more humane side of himself in his narration. The creature exhibits sensitivity in the way he handles the different human beings that he meets on the countryside. The drowning girl and young William Frankenstein were perfect examples of how sensitive the creature was. After realizing that human beings despised him, the creature narrated how he mourned silently and yearned for a friend. The creature was also extremely benevolent as he assisted a group of poor peasants by providing logs for firewood and water. The behavior change by the creature that turned him into a monster can be attributed to several factors. From the narration by Victor Frankenstein, the society treated the creature as an outcast and an evil being. His attempts at making peace with men were met with outright resistance and hatred. The creature was, therefore, harboring vengeful thoughts as the same society that begot him now rejected him. When he met a young child whom he thought would be neutral and non-judgmental, he realized that this was not true when his purported child friend turned against him. From that moment, he vowed to avenge all the suffering, discomfort and rejection that human being had subjected him. This can be understood as a reaction to a change in the social environment and not the creature’s ordinary character traits. .

Applied Nostalgia Essay Research Paper Applied Nostalgia

Applied Nostalgia Essay, Research Paper Applied Nostalgia # 8211 ; A Parental Look Back Without past memories, Americans lack a criterion to establish present conditions upon. These memories lie carefully shuffled and categorized in the elephantine shifter called the encephalon to crudely come close the present criterion of life. They hope to pull satisfaction and fulfilment in the patterned advance of the quality of their and particularly their kids # 8217 ; s lives. This innate desire to compare the yesteryear to the present thrusts personal and political determinations, particularly conservativists who advocate a alteration to the policies and values of the yesteryear. Today, the bleached memories of an emerging group of parents of their post-World War II upbringing, like cherished household dinners around the kitchen oak tabular array and careless jaunts into town, against a sensed modern background haze of random force, day of the month colza, and individual parent families, turned a group of parent # 8217 ; s Black Marias and heads to the water under the bridge 1950s. They hope to resuscitate their cherished childhood memories. The Medveds, parental writers, recall their upbringing: # 8220 ; The adult females enjoyed being place for the childs # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; equals came over for hoops and homemade lemonade # 8221 ; ( Paul 64 ) . Shalit, writer of Tax return to Modesty: A Lost Virtue remembers when past adult females helped around the community and raised their kids with a alone dedication ( Paul 64 ) . In the aftermath of the Colorado school slaughter such a move seems justified. Yet, even in malice of many societal ailments of our # 8220 ; dependent, sex-obsessed, morally slack and spiritually ruin society # 8221 ; ( Paul 64 ) parents remain disbelieving. of such a drastic reversal in a drastically changed clip. For now, the incredulity over the reversal to the past virtues further scrutiny before any drastic action. The parents recommending a alteration to the past promote a black nowadays and hereafter with jobs runing across the societal, political, and economic spectrum, afraid that their concerns might mirror in their childs. Adult fairy narratives that # 8220 ; matrimony will last everlastingly, sex produces merely pleasance, trueness to an establishment will be returned, and elected leaders are benevolent and wise # 8221 ; ( Paul 63 ) are to intolerable to be placed on the weak shoulders of their kids. Therefore, they shield this information from the kids. Armed with reams of statistics, particularly in the bead the figure of atomic household places in the United States ( Two 1 ) , they present a just instance for the reversal to the rearing manner of the aging babe boomer population. An uncomplete list of their claimed ailments includes individual parent families, an excessively demanding work environment, inflow of unwanted media, and the feminist motion. Fatherlessness, as David Blackhord president of Institute for American values points out, is the most harmful demographic tendency of our coevals # 8230 ; and the taking cause of worsening child wellbeing in our society. It is besides the engine driving our most pressing societal jobs, from offense, to adolescent gestation, to sexual maltreatment, to domestic force against adult females. The grounds is now strong that the absence of male parents from the lives of kids is one of the most of import causes [ of the above jobs ] ( UCSF 1 ) In one augmenting survey performed by the University of California at San Francisco on California # 8217 ; s household make-up reported that 20 per centum of kids under age 18s are presently raised by a individual grownup. Accusative fingers of these nostalgic parents turn like an vindictive hinged gate from household construction to the work environment, mentioning statistics on the economic troubles that modern employers cause, or on personal compulsions with work that deters from the boundlessly more of import occupation at place. # 8220 ; With parents trapped in devouring occupations, they leave their childs to fend for themselves # 8221 ; ( West 2 ) . The type of work and work environment changed in the last few decennaries with the coming of new engineerings and force per unit area on employers to cut costs. Harmonizing to the parents and research workers who advocate a reversal to the yesteryear, the modern work environment is besieged with jobs. Decreases in existent rewards, corporate retrenchment and the surcease of the # 8216 ; company adult male # 8217 ; ethos that governed American labour dealingss during the 1950s and 1960s has made it impossible for parents to give necessary clip to their kids because they have to work harder than every merely to do terminals run into ( West 1 ) . The ends of fiscal success have placed the ends of raising a child to the dorsum burner. These impersonal parents scrape up the few excess dollars to purchase the Black Marias of their kids ( McCallum 2 ) . # 8220 ; In our mercenary society, parents are more concerned about the physical things they provide their kids that about the values and wonts that prepare kids for a life on their ain # 8221 ; ( McCallum 2 ) . The 1890ss have been defined as the information age and truly so. Any person who accesses today # 8217 ; s broad assortment of electronic medium # 8211 ; computing machine, Internet, telecasting, wireless, compact discs, CD-ROMs, and interrelated libraries # 8211 ; finds ample information on any topic, irrespective of content. The nostalgic argue that when these childs contact this immense bombardment of # 8216 ; obnoxious # 8217 ; stuff without counsel from parents, the material Acts of the Apostless as a alternate female parent, reding the kids with unwanted picks. Such picks include rash force. Television permeates every countrywide family, and its wavering visible radiation is the de facto baby-sitter for overworked and underpaid parents, who frequently have to back up the household without the partner nowadays. Their version of a modern parent falls victim to the media # 8217 ; s concealed messages. The media portrays pas in defaulter ways that do non reflect on existent parents. In films like the Shining, the male parent was an opprobrious alky and blame music epitomizes hapless illustrations of defaulter pas and their cleft addicted individual female parents. As a consequence female parents are more probably to ditch their fellow of hubby for individual parentage convinced they will raise the kid in a better environment without the male parent. In decision, # 8220 ; what you have is an full-scale war on parents, the consequence of which is finally the diminution of civic virtuousness and the overall public assistance of the state # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 2 ) . Taging along with the nostalgia motion is a new adult females # 8217 ; s motion that tries to change by reversal the effects of the first ( Paul 64 ) . Shalit, in her book Returning to Modesty: Detecting the Lost Virtue, points out that the societal patterned advances has left adult females is poorer status than before the motion started ( Paul 64 ) . Our female parents tell us we shouldn # 8217 ; t want to give up all the hard-won # 8216 ; additions # 8217 ; they nave bequeathed us, and we think: what additions? Sexual torment, day of the month colza, slaking, eating upsets, all those drab hook-ups? Or possibly it # 8217 ; s the great addition of divorce you had in head. ( Paul 64 ) The branchings, at least to these supervising parents, of life in the current structured rearing environment of the United States is huge and include an addition in the rate of offense, teenage gestations, drugs, colza, divorce, hapless relationships, and maltreatment. Those with a # 8220 ; proper # 8221 ; upbringing, a hopelessly indefinable and impossibly Utopian word, commit less violent Acts of the Apostless. The pivoting branching, and a cardinal pivot for both this paper and the emerging nostalgia motion is the possible loss of # 8220 ; artlessness # 8221 ; . Artlessness to advocates peers the deficiency of harming kids ( oppositions deny the happening ) by cutting kids # 8217 ; s exposure to all grownup stuff. The word grownup is non used in the traditional pornographic sense, but as a general class specifying all information that the mean kid should non know. This includes such subjects as sex, matrimony, work, and force. Now, as information quickly increases, the haste to protect childs from this entrance blow additions. Today artlessness, the stray and lit room in a sign of the zodiac of desperation, could be defined as an flight from the informational age. Open the door, and the visible radiation ( artlessness ) escapes, everlastingly departed. Knowledge is powerful material ; that # 8217 ; s why we keep it off from little kids. And its shy we must maintain some of it for ourselves. In careless of unscrupulous custodies, cognition is unsafe and the inexperienced person are powerless to oppose it ( Paul 65 ) . A few grownups are even going sick of the sum of information: # 8220 ; Our clip # 8217 ; s tree of cognition is so heavy with apples that we # 8217 ; ve adult sick of savoring them # 8221 ; ( Paul 65 ) . The Medveds, writers of Salvaging Childhood: Protecting Our Child From the Natural Assault on Innocence, say # 8220 ; the secrets of maturity are rough, morbid, oppressive, and seamy, # 8221 ; conveying nil but # 8220 ; duties, problems, loads and the potency for depression and somberness # 8221 ; ( Paul 64 ) and Shalit says the loss of artlessness causes most immature adult females # 8217 ; s jobs including eating upsets and disappointing relationships. Jeffery Schwartz sums up the statement: artlessness is # 8220 ; the highest of human achievements # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; the specifying grade of those who have achieved echt triumph in confronting life # 8217 ; s countless challenges # 8221 ; ( Paul 64 ) . Many of the implicit in jobs remain changeless throughout the decennary, including guaranting that the household had a sensible criterion of life, taking attention of their kids # 8217 ; s growing and development, and keeping their committedness to the partners they swore to stay with until after decease, ( West 1 ) yet the mean American household today can non run into these new load. The consequence? Just pick a job and fill in the space. An sum of these aforementioned jobs may be rightly deserved, but without a comparing to the past so the present conditions can non be analyzed. Each decennary is shaped by a series of events that frequently dictate the result of the ensuing socioeconomic conditions. An probe begins with an speculative expression into the events taking up the fiftiess. The 1950s were an sole merchandise of the great depression and World War II. The great depression hit America like an oppressive summer heat moving ridge, a changeless baleful presence of uncomfortableness which is utterly ineluctable. Unemployment rose quickly as occupation net incomes decreased quickly, thrusting households into terrible economic adversity, unquotable in America # 8217 ; s history. So, as with any unnatural circumstance, worlds compensated. Peoples became overzealous fiscal rescuers. Every cent was spend on the bare necessities of life. Merely a few had the money to pass on otiose points ( Raasch ) . World War II brought Americans out of the great depression. From the dust-covered soil bowl to the harrying meat bombers euphemistically called the frontlines, trudged a line of immature soldiers dripping with thoughts and bravery, both of which would be viciously tested. At place adult females entered the work force to back up their boies and hubbies across seas. With postings like # 8220 ; Rosie the Riviter # 8221 ; spurring on the hardworking advocates at place, adult females diligently assembled much of the machinery that finally made its manner over to Europe ( Raasch ) . These adult females began to roll up money, but were unable and unwilling to pass it, due to war deficits and preservation of popular goods and the ideals necessarily left over from the Great Depression. Alternatively, households across the United States began to roll up nest eggs ( Raasch ) . World War Two revitalized the American economic system. Removed geographically from the snake pit overseas and the old ages of painful rehabilitation of the landscapes, political systems, and economic systems, the war scarred United States plunged lustfully into work. Factories proliferated like fruit flies across the state, and citizens trailed the growing, forcing America into the most powerful economic force in the universe ( Raasch ) . Fiscal security allowed adult females for the first clip in several decennaries to remain place and raise the household planned during the adversity. Womans could and did remain place with childs during that decennary # 8211 ; the resources existed for this. Women besides found that with the return of the work forces, most occupations were replaced by work forces. Womans did non yet have the societal backup to go on in the typical male dominated occupations ( Raasch ) . So far, an about post card perfect image. However, the 1950s, despite this frontage of cloud nine, hid immense vesiculation jobs that overcome the 1990s troubles and for good cloud over the coevals. Adolescents formed immense packs. A scenario plays our beautifully in the Movie Matinee as a pack terrorizes the town, over a background of missiles pointed at the Untied States from Cuba. The film is upseting because this film is a diversion of an existent event ( Matinee ) . Following World War II, Americans fell into the cold war. The cold war lacked the unfastened combat and bloodshed ; alternatively the cold war stirred a changeless background emphasis. Nuclear arms proliferated exponentially in Russia and the United States, and the respective leaders wove them around trusting the other state would endorse down. Alternatively both the United States and Russia pulled new engineering from their pocketbooks and coercing the other to reciprocate ( Raasch ) . As the engineering race continued, Americans geared for the wake and tried non to think of the inevitable, arrant, and complete obliteration of both the United States and the USSR. Families spent weekends constructing a bomb shelter. Schools sporadically held pattern drills where childs slipped under their desks, doubtless all inquiring how the thin sheet of plyboard over their caputs would salvage them from the devastation of the atomic bomb, a bomb that in Japan reduced great buildings to crumbles and threw the lasting shadows of ashen-reduced people onto walls ( Raasch ) . Meanwhile in the South a civil rights conflict loomed as inkinesss, tired of the apartheid imposed by the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) and mean white citizens struggled to derive equal rights, a warrant under the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the fundamental law. Most minorities struggled with subjugation in a white male dominated society, an frequently unmarked status in the desire to exchange back to the fiftiess ( Raasch ) . Advancement to 1999, the last twelvemonth before the nothing axial rotation about on the Christian calendar # 8217 ; s mileometer. Crime still besieges society, albeit of a different type, and the atomic household prevalence decreased. In the past decennary Americans endured terrorist onslaughts and infinite school shots. I one opens the newspaper, the calamities spill Forth. However, in visible radiation of the jobs of the 1950s the charge sparks, an apocalypse non. The 1950s and the 1990s are utterly and wholly d ifferent. The 1950s was a post-war clip, where absolutely unreproducible affects kept ma at place. The 1990s is a engineering loaded information society, where media pries into corners and brings jobs into greater visible radiation including force, colza, birth control, and AIDS. The sum of atomic households decreased ( Two 1 ) , yet the cause for the dissolve of the household outweighs the troubles, the equalisation of adult females in the work force. No thirster do female parents trust on the male # 8217 ; s income, they can last on their ain. Their ties of aid flutter free and the American adult females becomes free since the American ideals put forth in the fundamental law. These new freedoms allow adult females to interrupt free of restricting and bad matrimonies and venture into traditionally male functions. Crime evidently is a challenge to modern politicians. The job states itself clearly from the bold type decorating the front lines of newspapers countrywide. Our troubles are now. Yet when reexamining the yesteryear, the media is non invariably reminding us of it. The repeat of stuff does lodge in our caput, like the unerasable dad vocal trailing about in our caputs. The force and maltreatment still existed, nevertheless in the 1950s mass media had non expanded to its current size. Modern statistics of colza, kid maltreatment and other domestic jobs are higher in portion because of the deficiency of instruction on these social ailments. Today more instances are reported to governments, thanks to instruction from this # 8220 ; evil # 8221 ; media. Yes, these atrocious jobs were present, merely hidden from the memories of modern naysayers. Demographics reveal that Americans grow up in progressively diverse households. For a tendency probably to go on in the hereafter, and that harmonizing to some is a # 8220 ; irreversible historical fact the household diverseness is here to remain, # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 3 ) such onslaughts hurt diverse households and the kids whose kids face small sick consequence from the modern-day upbringing. Many sociologists argue that # 8220 ; Family values runs put individual parent households unjustly second-rate or best # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 1 ) . Using the same method for which they are so vehemently opposed ( aggregate media ) , many conservative organisations campaign on behalf of the supposed high quality of married-couple atomic households, flourishing all other sorts of households mediocre # 8211 ; or worse ( Schaffer 1 ) Quality is much more of import than gender construction, non whether a house contains a adult male, adult females, girl, boy, three Carassius auratus, and a aureate lab named Max. # 8220 ; However good intended and appealing, most of the claims made by household values reformers are blatantly faithlessly every bit good as destructive # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 1 ) . A high struggle matrimony is more detrimental to a kid than a divorce, yet these groups urge parents to remain together at all costs. Consequences come from a Kaiser Permanete survey show that 68 per centum of # 8220 ; youth extremely exposed to safety menaces lived in two parent places # 8221 ; ( Shaffer 2 ) . If the young person was to be separated from such jobs, so they have a better opportunity for success. This assault endangers childs by advancing parental struggle, devastation, and fraud ( Schaffer 2 ) . If the accusals were merited in difficult informations, so their rhetoric deserves much attending. However, right now, small grounds points either manner. The information they base their campaigns on is inconclusive, as this sociologist said. As a sociologist, I can certify there is perfectly no consensus among societal scientists on household values, on the high quality of the heterosexual atomic household, or on the supposed evil effects of fatherlessness. The claim that integral two-parent households are inherently superior remainders entirely on the abuse of statistics and on the most simple societal scientific discipline wickednesss # 8211 ; portraying correlativities as though there were causes, disregarding mediating factors, and treated little, overlapping differences as gross and absolute ( Schaffer 2,3 ) A losing male parent is non the apocalypse some suggest. In a Kaiser survey, 44 per centum of troubled teens talk to their female parent ; 26 per centum to monsters ; and merely 10 per centum talk to their male parents. A losing individual, while still perchance impacting the kid, has non the raved impact ( Schaffer 1 ) . # 8220 ; Poverty and unemployment can more faithfully predict who will get married, divorce, or commit or endure domestic or societal force than can the best toned step of values yet devised # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 3 ) . Harping on the high quality of married biological parents and the immoralities of fatherlessness injures kids and parents in a broad array of modern-day households, including those with homosexual or sapphic parents # 8221 ; ( Schaffer 3 ) . These parents desiring to travel back to the 1950s clasp these few treasures of the 1950s coal pile in their custodies and wish life could be like the epitomized dreams the memories have become. Absent from these treasures is the pecking idea of the absence of minority and black rights, the changeless fright of decease, the inability of adult females to secure a occupation in male dominated occupations, and the old hurting of World War II and the great depression. Obviously the work environment changed. More adult females are in the work force, both for the enjoyment of work and to back up their childs. Their types of occupations have changed as the old barriers that kept them from modern-day male dominated occupations have been outlawed. Companies, due to increasing outside and inside force per unit area, have restructured the work environment for maximal net income, an action that is non inherently bad. Maximal net incomes besides comes through employee trueness and dedication, both of which take enterprise on the employers portion to supply the worker with a positive work environment. Most parents, unlike claims, do non get away into work from the household. In an Ohio Study 66 % per centum of respondents said that work is non a alleviation from household and 86 % said they wanted to pass more clip with the household. 77 % of respondents were more # 8220 ; fulfilled at place # 8221 ; and 90 % were happier. Obviously work is non a alleviation from household ( U of C 1 ) . The conditions of the 1990s are different non worse ; returning to the 1950s is an absurd misconception. The 1950s was neer perfect, the lone household that was perfect was the Television situation comedy households, who existed merely in Hollywood. If this is true, than they fall for the really same error they reprimand modern society for, ideals and Television. Despite mundane jobs, the conditions that the mean kid has improved, non diminished. The societal ailments that might hold resulted from the alterations far outweigh the disadvantages. This action is possible but the stairss required to change by reversal society to the 1950s situation comedy would be boundlessly immense. First, extinguish any kind of modern communications devices: a computing machine, facsimile machine, electronic mail, beeper # 8211 ; points the advocators say cause the loss of artlessness. Second, present the changeless force per unit area of obliteration. Third, extinguish the additions in adult females # 8217 ; s rights and minority rights. Fourth, extinguish the modern presence of the media that piece can be rough for many kids does assist convey forth ailments and supply childs with instruction into maturity. Those parents who keep their childs sanctioned from # 8220 ; the existent universe # 8221 ; face the troubles of taking their childs from a radically different outside universe. A few parents view that kids should be kept free from the presence of any kind of harmful media. While they doubtless they feel that their kid is protected from injury, these parents fail to recognize the ailments when they release an uneducated kid into the universe. For protecting against colza, and other offense, instruction is the biggest bar. Educating kids about these jobs and the motivations behind such actions does necessitate overprotective parents to dig into the forbidden field of sexual instruction. The nostalgic say that kids are unready for any kind of trial. Information desensitizes childs # 8211 ; no thirster is right and incorrect presented in either a smiling or a spanking. Without clear way and parental authorization at place, these nostalgic parents warn that kids will turn up to an grownup who can non state right from incorrect. The emerging books from writers like Shalit, who is non even a sociologist, necessarily harm kids. # 8220 ; These books have a more insidious message: they equate artlessness with ignorance # 8221 ; ( Paul 62 ) . A parent excessively affecting themselves in a kid # 8217 ; s life is a hapless pick, frequently taking to rebellious as the kid tries to get away from the bounds placed on him or her. Impacts do be by taking a child from outside resources. If a kid is guided though reading of # 8216 ; grownup # 8217 ; knowledge the kid will beready to manage the outside universe. Frequently those like Wendy Shalit # 8220 ; misidentify the recognition of colza for its happening and chooses the illusive security of ignorance over the ambiguous wagess of world # 8221 ; . Womans who reject artlessness will # 8220 ; derive a field of vision free from the modern equivalents of powered whiffs and sunshades and downcast ciliums # 8221 ; ( Paul 65 ) Educated kids fare better when released into the universe: they have taken the first measure. When a protected kid is released into the outside universe, they have non had the rational preparation to manage the jobs grownups must confront. Plus, overprotective parents frequently have to cover with the rebellion of their childs, a rather dry consequence when the kid delves merrily into the mayhem which the parents tried so difficult to protect the kid against. The Medveds merely let six hours of G rated videos per hebdomad, the oldest kid can non read a book after 1960, and any kind of piquing stuff is turned off. # 8220 ; Should the intelligence come on during the household # 8217 ; s Sunday drives, the lb parents recount, # 8216 ; our kids instantly beg us to turn off the wireless, # 8217 ; lest they hear something that # 8216 ; spoils ther contentment # 8217 ; and when a haunting vocal from the soundtrack of showboat [ plays ] , their girls scream # 8220 ; fast forward! fast frontward! # 8221 ; because they # 8220 ; wouldn # 8217 ; t even see wordss that predict unhappiness or problem on the skyline # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( Paul 64 ) . Last, cognition will be with us ; better acquire used to it. In the information age one can non get away the bombardment and why should they? Equally long as a parent is at that place to steer a kid cognition can be a fantastic thing. This essay does non understate the importance of parents ; they remain every bit indispensable as of all time. However to boldly state that society diminished is a sentiment rooted in half forgotten memories. Today there is so much more for a kid to larn and make, and every kid has an equal opportunity to achieve these ends. To return back to the 1950s is a end stemming from defeat of a coevals of parents, a defeat that while frequently justified, is non solvable with a blind spring to an American civilization every bit different as the 1850s to the 1900s. So allow the action halt where most grandparents halt: # 8220 ; life was better when I was a kid # 8221 ; . Undoubtedly today # 8217 ; s current coevals will be stating the same thing excessively. Boes # 8220 ; Convention on the Rights of the Child # 8221 ; America # 8212 ; America Child Rights Boes.org Gardner, Geroge E. The Emerging Personality: Infancy Through Adolescence New York: Delacorte Press, 1970. McCallum, Albert A. # 8220 ; Who Will Raise the Children # 8221 ; Prostitutes, Margarine, and Handguns. 15 Apr. 1999 Orwell, George. # 8220 ; A Child # 8217 ; s Life # 8221 ; A Collection of Essaies. Sand Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1946. Paul, Annie M. # 8220 ; The New Age on innocence. # 8221 ; Psychology Today. April 1999: 62-66 Schaffer, Scott. # 8220 ; Bad Review: The War Against Parents # 8221 ; Rev. of The War Against Parents by Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Cornel Stacey, Judith. # 8220 ; The Father Fixation # 8221 ; In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Valuess in a Postmodern Age 5 May 1999 Raasch, Brian. Personal Interview. 14 Apr. 1998 West. 1 Nov. 1998 Bad Subjects: Political Education for Everyday Life. 13 Apr. 1999 UCSF # 8220 ; The California Work and Health Survey # 8212 ; 1998 Story # 2: The State of Working Parents in California Graphic Summary for Publication September 8, 1998. # 8221 ; 8 Sept. 1998 University of California at San Fransisco. 12 Apr. 1998 U of C # 8220 ; May 8, 1998 Release From the Survey of Ohio # 8217 ; s Working Families: New Family and Work Survey at University of Cincinnati Fund Family is Where the Heart is. # 8221 ; University of Cincinnati/The Kunz Center for the Study of Work and Family 9 Apr. 1998 White, Burton L. The First Years of Life. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1975. shapeType20lineWidth22225lineColor13948116fShadow1shadowOffsetX0shadowOffset Y-12700shadowOriginY32385 Bibliography Boes # 8220 ; Convention on the Rights of the Child # 8221 ; America # 8212 ; America Child Rights Boes.org Cullen, Loanda # 8220 ; Confronting the Myths of Single Parenting # 8221 ; Single Parenting in the Ninetiess 15 Apr. 1998. Champion Press. 9 April 1999 Gardner, Geroge E. The Emerging Personality: Infancy Through Adolescence New York: Delacorte Press, 1970. Gesell, Arnold, Frances L. Ilg, and Louise Bates Ames. Infant and Child in the Culture of Today: The Guidance of Development in Home and Nursery School. 1943. New York: Harper and Row, 1974. McCallum, Albert A. # 8220 ; Who Will Raise the Children # 8221 ; Prostitutes, Margarine, and Handguns. 15 Apr. 1999 Orwell, George. # 8220 ; A Child # 8217 ; s Life # 8221 ; A Collection of Essays. Sand Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1946. Paul, Annie M. # 8220 ; The New Age on innocence. # 8221 ; Psychology Today. April 1999: 62-66 Piaget, Jean. The Child and Reality: Problems of Genetic Psychology. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973 Schaffer, Scott. # 8220 ; Bad Review: The War Against Parents # 8221 ; Rev. of The War Against Parents by Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Cornel Stacey, Judith. # 8220 ; The Father Fixation # 8221 ; In the Name of the Family: Rethinking Family Valuess in a Postmodern Age 5 May 1999 Raasch, Brian. Personal Interview. 14 Apr. 1998# 8220 ; Two Parent Families by Cultural Group: 1994 US Census Data # 8221 ; University of Virginia. 5 May 1999 West. 1 Nov. 1998 Bad Subjects: Political Education for Everyday Life. 13 Apr. 1999 UCSF # 8220 ; The California Work and Health Survey # 8212 ; 1998 Story # 2: The State of Working Parents in California Graphic Summary for Publication September 8, 1998. # 8221 ; 8 Sept. 1998 University of California at San Fransisco. 12 Apr. 1998 U of C # 8220 ; May 8, 1998 Release From the Survey of Ohio # 8217 ; s Working Families: New Family and Work Survey at University of Cincinnati Fund Family is Where the Heart is. # 8221 ; University of Cincinnati/The Kunz Center for the Study of Work and Family 9 Apr. 1998 White, Burton L. The First Years of Life. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1975.

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries Term Paper

The Development of G-20 and G-8 Countries - Term Paper Example They are manufacturing countries and the huge exports provide for the main avenue to an acquisition of wealth, power, and high employment rates unlike developing ones which depend on small-scale exports of farm produce and other little-valued trade related products. However, it is worth noting that relative poverty exists between G-20 and G-8 Countries. This relative poverty phenomenon can best be accounted for if we study different macroeconomic indicators. And these are: By the end of third quarter, the consumer price index CPI for all urban consumers increased to 0.6 %; it rose 0.4% before seasonal adjustment It had also heightened 0.4%. This CPI increased by from 2.0% compared to the earlier level. The employment rate represents the total number of people working whether on the permanent or casual basis. It suggests that over 63% people in the population, men and women have had employment. We got job losers, job seekers who stay out of employment for weeks or months. Some get new jobs and some don’t. The output is huge in the manufacturing of nondurables showing that the USA is an industrial country. The statistics show variations but it gives us a clear picture of the nature of productive activities. This is a good indication of economic dynamics in the USA. Secession is a political crisis which involves a state or a group of states seeking separation and complete sovereignty from the federal or main government. The eleven of the Southern States which were fifteen in number believed that it was within their constitutional right to seek secession in 1806 and 1861. However, they were defeated during the American Civil War. Over 600,000 people perished. The Supreme Court declared secession unconstitutional, though the Southern States had concrete reasons for secession. They hated slavery which was legalized in the South. This happened before Abraham Lincoln took office oath. The recession caused people to lose jobs and weakened the Union in terms of military strength, US Foreign Policy. International trade had a downfall too. It also motivated more states to petition secession moves.

Case study 9B Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case study 9B - Assignment Example 1. The first word that attracts attention in the statement is â€Å"digging up†. The ways to â€Å"sig up† the information can be different and not always ethical. Also, persuasiveness of delivering the news the way it is put in the statement strikes the eye as well. The matter is that while some interpret the statement as it is, others may find implications there and use them for their own benefit and to the damage of others. Sometimes the desire to be persuasive while delivering information results in extensive appeal to reader’s emotions, which can lead to the distortion of the information perception. In this case, an aggregator may act as a watchdog over the information; however, this means that it performs tasks uncharacteristic of it, meaning it will act like a critic rather than content placer. 2. The main difference here is the fact that the Associated Press licenses the content and then sell it to the authorized parties, which means the work is paid for. The Huffington Post, in its turn, simply rewrites the content and buries links using quite an aggressive approach to news aggregation. 1. Despite the fact that today many people tend to speak about the ethical side of the problem, for example, the infringement of a copyright, for the long-standing cooperatives, such as the Associated Press, the issue is mostly of economic nature. The matter is that because of news aggregation, such cooperatives lose significant sums of money while aggregators, such as the Huffington Post or Google News, profit from the information other gathered at great cost. If the aggregators paid for content, that might eliminate the ethical side other problem; at the same time, other problems might appear, mostly those associated with the changed character of such projects. 2. News is everywhere and is free; in fact, no one owns the news. It is rather the medium is owned by certain companies. The media

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay The goals equality and quality in education should be of the same importance because education plays a vital role in the socio-economic development of the individual person. While education provides opportunities, it is the quality of education that guarantees the individual’s fitness to these opportunities. Randall Curren, citing the work of Gary Orfield, point out that, â€Å"in the early years of disintegration, it might have been easier to believe that educational opportunity and success translated directly into occupational opportunity† (p. 272). The goal of equality in education insures that everyone have equal opportunity to avail quality education, regardless of race, color, and ethnic origin. The goal of quality in education insures that everyone gets the best learning outcomes that will provide better economic opportunities. Thus, while equality and quality have different goals, yet they have the same importance in education as both is geared towards the improvement of the person. The goals of equality and quality The word equality is easy to understand but the implication of its meaning encompassed not only the social and the economic status but all the spheres where inequality is serving. The goals of equality are may be too costly given the fact that society is plagued with various ills such as greed, hungry for power, consumerism and materialism, selfishness, and so forth. Stein Ringen cited two interpretations of the goals of equality, the weak and the strong interpretation. In these interpretations, the goals of equality are not just guaranteeing â€Å"minimum standards for all members of society in different socio-economic† factors but equality in the entire structure of inequality. In other words, equality has to do with human fairness in relation to social and economic matters. Quality on the other hand deals with the totality of characteristics of the finished product. Sunny Baker and G. Michael Campbell stated, â€Å"Quality is how well the product satisfies the needs of the customer† (p. 68). Thus, the goal of quality is customer satisfaction. Compare and contrast; define; provide one example each. Equality and quality are both important ingredients that are shaping human society. Both were important in its respective domain as key determinant of its kind. A product is determined by its quality while equality determines a fair and humane society. In contrast with quality however, equality talks about people in relation to opportunities around them, Quality on the other hand, talks about products in relation to human standard. Defining equality is an on-going debate in view of acute problems of en-equalities dominating every spheres of human society. However, a general definition of equality states that equality is characterized as the elimination of formal legal barriers of exclusion based on certain immutable characteristics such as race and gender† (Douglas, D. M. 1998 p. 3). Quality on the other hand, is defined as â€Å"features that are decisive as to product performance and as to product satisfaction. Examples of en-equality and quality One example of equality is the gender equality. It has been for quite a long time that feminism had struggled before finally women in many parts of the globe gained recognition of equal gender treatment. Gender equality had finally gained recognition. Another example is the equality in opportunity. Although this may not apply in some countries, yet it is now enshrined in the constitutions of the democratic countries to provide equal opportunities to their constituents. And example of quality on the other hand, is a certain product that is free from defect and has passed the prescribed standard. Sources Reeves, D. (2005) Planning for Diversity New York: Routlege (p. 8). Brown, M. (1996) Keeping Score USA: AMACOM DIV American Magmt (p. 83) Reference Curren, Randall Philosophy of Education UK: Blackwell Publishing Devins, N. Douglas, (1998) D. M. Redfining Equality USA: Oxford University Press Horowitz, I. (1984) Winners and Losers USA: Duke University Press Ringen, S. (2006) The possibility of Politics USA: Transaction Publisher

George Washington Carver Essay -- essays research papers

George Washington Carver was a African American scientist who showed many intriguing thoughts of nature throughout his life span of being one of the most dedicated scientist. George was born in Diamond Missouri, but his exact date of birth is not known by people. Never the less, one of the most remarkable inventors was born. Many people speculate that he was born sometime in January in 1964, while others believe he was born in June. George was born as a small and weak baby, and he had his first challenge of overcoming various obstacles as a baby. Possibly one of his biggest goals that he had to overcome was growing up without having any parents. His father was killed in an accident while he was just a baby. George lived in a small cabin with his mother and brother James. Everything was going fine for George until one night when a raiding group of people came breaking into there home. They kidnapped George, along with his mother, while James went in the woods for a place to hide so h e won’t be captured. James would be leaded by his owner’s Moses and Susan Carver. Eventually George would escape from the people who capture him, and join his brother again as they would be guided by there owners. As being a black slave, they never adopted the last name from there parents. Only after the end of the Civil War, both James and George picked Carver to be their last name. George would stay with his owner’s that took care of him, and he would help out with the chores to show his appreciation. He became very fond of plants and at a early age George would plant and maintain the garden on the farm. He became so good at planting and gardening, his owner’s would give him the name â€Å"The Plant Doctor.† The Carver’s taught George many of the basic things that every child should know at the ealy age. George learned how to read and write with no problems. Many people thought and knew that George had an excellent future ahead of himself due to the fact that he has a quick ability to pick up on new traits that he learns. At first things didn’t look to bright for Carver’s future, he tried to enlist into the school in Diamond Grove, but was turned down because of racism. They told Carver that African American’s were not permitted to attend the school. With the news of this, George left home on his own, to attend a color school in the community of Neosho. He had to find someone who ... ...d inventions. When asked why Carver said â€Å"God gave them to me, how can I sell them to someone else?† Carver was never a married man, and in 1940 he gave his life savings of $33,000 to the Tuskegee Institute. As an appreciation to his donation and effort that he brought forth, the money was used to establish the George Washington Carver Research Foundation for agriculture research. Carver received many awards for his accomplishments, in 1916 he was named a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts in London. In 1923, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People awarded him the Spingarn Medal for distinguished service in agricultural chemistry. In 1939, Carver received the Theodore Roosevelt Medal for his contributions to the world of science, and in 1951 the George Washington Carver National Monument was established in Missouri on the farm where Carver was born at. Carver died at Tuskegee, on January 5, 1943 and is buried on the grounds of Tuskegee Institute. To show the prosperity and gratitude that George Washington Carver brought to the world of science, Congress declared every January 5th a day to honor Carver, and all of his wonderful achievements that he gave us.

Globe Theatre Essay

William Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564. William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, an alderman and a successful glover originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was the third child of eight and the eldest surviving son. Scholars have surmised that he most likely attended the King’s New School, in Stratford, which taught reading, writing and the classics. THEATRICAL CAREER Some of Shakespeare’s plays were published in quarto editions from 1594. By 1598, his name had become a selling point and began to appear on the title pages. Shakespeare continued to act in his own and other plays after his success as a playwright. EARLY WORKS With the exception of Romeo and Juliet, William Shakespeare’s first plays were mostly histories written in the early 1590s. Richard II, Henry VI (parts 1, 2 and 3) and Henry V dramatize the destructive results of weak or corrupt rulers, and have been interpreted by drama historians as Shakespeare’s way of justifying the origins of the Tudor Dynasty. Shakespeare also wrote several comedies during his early period: the witty romance A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the romantic Merchant of Venice, the wit and wordplay of Much Ado about Nothing, the charming As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Other plays, possibly written before 1600, include Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew and The Two Gentlemen of Verona. LATER WORKS It was in William Shakespeare’s later period, after 1600, that he wrote the tragedies Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and Macbeth. In these, Shakespeare’s characters present vivid impressions of human temperament that are timeless and universal. Possibly the best known of these plays is Hamlet, which explores betrayal, retribution, incest and moral failure. These moral failures often drive the twists and turns of Shakespeare’s plots, destroying the hero and those he loves. In William Shakespeare’s final period, he wrote several tragicomedies. Among these are Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest. Though graver in tone than the comedies, they are not the dark tragedies of King Lear or Macbeth because they end with reconciliation and forgiveness. JULIUS CAESAR The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1599. It portrays the 44 BC conspiracy against the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, his assassination, and the defeat of the conspirators at the Battle of Philippi. It is one of several plays written by Shakespeare based on true events from Roman history, which also include Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra. THE TEMPEST The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1610–11, and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone. It is set on a remote island, where Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, plots to restore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion and skilful manipulation. He conjures up a storm, the eponymous tempest, to lure his usurping brother Antonio and the complicit King Alonso of Naples to the island. There, his machinations bring about the revelation of Antonio’s lowly nature, the redemption of the King, and the marriage of Miranda to Alonso’s son, Ferdinand. THE TAMING OF THE SHREW The Taming of the Shrew is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1590 and 1592. The play begins with a framing device, often referred to as the Induction,[1] in which a mischievous nobleman tricks a drunkentinker named Christopher Sly into believing he is actually a nobleman himself. The nobleman then has the play performed for Sly’s diversion. The main plot depicts the courtship of Petruchio, a gentleman of Verona, and Katherina, the headstrong, obdurate shrew. Initially, Katherina is an unwilling participant in the relationship, but Petruchio tempers her with various psychological torments—the â€Å"taming†Ã¢â‚¬â€until she becomes a compliant and obedient bride. The subplot features a competition between the suitors of Katherina’s more desirable sister, Bianca. HAMLET The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. Set in the Kingdom of Denmark, the play dramatizes the revenge. Prince Hamlet exacts on his uncle Claudius for murdering King Hamlet, Claudius’s brother and Prince Hamlet’s father, and then succeeding to the throne and taking as his wife Gertrude, the old king’s widow and Prince Hamlet’s mother. The play vividly portrays both true and feigned madness—from overwhelming grief to seething rage and explores themes of treachery, revenge, incest, and moral corruption. Hamlet is Shakespeare’s longest play and among the most powerful and influential tragedies in English literature, with a story capable of â€Å"seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others. â€Å"[1] The play was one of Shakespeare’s most popular works during his lifetime and still ranks among his most-performed, topping the Royal Shakespeare Company’s performance list since 1879. TWELFTH NIGHT Twelfth Night; or, What You Will is a comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–02 as aTwelfth Night’s entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion,[1] with plot elements drawn from the short story â€Å"Of Apollonius and Silla† by Barnabe Rich, based on a story by Matteo Bandello. The first recorded performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the year’s calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio. MACBETH Macbeth was written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland, the play dramatizes the corrosive psychological and political effects produced when evil is chosen as a way to fulfil the ambition for power. The play is believed to have been written between 1603 and 1607, and is most commonly dated 1606. The earliest account of a performance of what was probably Shakespeare’s play is April 1611, when Simon Forman recorded seeing such a play at the Globe Theatre. It was first published in the Folio of 1623, possibly from a prompt book. It was most likely written during the reign of James I, who had been James VI of Scotland before he succeeded to the English throne in 1603. James was a patron of Shakespeare’s acting company, and of all the plays Shakespeare wrote during James’s reign, Macbeth most clearly reflects the playwright’s relationship with the sovereign. MERCHANT OF VENICE The Merchant of Venice is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written between 1596 and 1598. Though classified as a comedyin the First Folio and sharing certain aspects with Shakespeare’s other romantic comedies, the play is perhaps most remembered for its dramatic scenes, and is best known for Shylock and the famous â€Å"Hath not a Jew eyes? † speech. Also notable is Portia’s speech about â€Å"the quality of mercy†. The title character is the merchant Antonio, not the Jewish moneylender Shylock, who is the play’s most prominent and most famous character. THE COMEDY OF ERRORS The Comedy of Errors is one of William Shakespeare’s early plays. It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a major part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns and word play. The Comedy of Errors (along with The Tempest) is one of only two of Shakespeare’s plays to observe the classical unities. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre. The Comedy of Errors tells the story of two sets of identical twins that were accidentally separated at birth. Antipholus of Syracuse and his servant, Dromio of Syracuse, arrive in Ephesus, which turns out to be the home of their twin brothers, Antipholus of Ephesus and his servant, Dromio of Ephesus. When the Syracusans encounter the friends and families of their twins, a series of wild mishaps based on mistaken identitieslead to wrongful beatings, a near-seduction, the arrest of Antipholus of Ephesus, and false accusations of infidelity, theft, madness, and demonic possession. POEMS In 1593 and 1594, when the theatres were closed because of plague, Shakespeare published two narrative poems on erotic themes, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece. He dedicated them to Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton. In Venus and Adonis, an innocent Adonis rejects the sexual advances of Venus; while in The Rape of Lucrece, the virtuous wife Lucrece is raped by the lustful Tarquin. Influenced by Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the poems show the guilt and moral confusion that result from uncontrolled lust. [124] Both proved popular and were often reprinted during Shakespeare’s lifetime. A third narrative poem, A Lover’s Complaint, in which a young woman laments her seduction by a persuasive suitor, was printed in the first edition of the Sonnets in 1609. Most scholars now accept that Shakespeare wrote A Lover’s Complaint. Critics consider that its fine qualities are marred by leaden effects. The Phoenix and the Turtle, printed in Robert Chester’s 1601 Love’s Martyr, mourns the deaths of the legendary phoenix and his lover, the faithful turtle dove. SONNETS Published in 1609, the Sonnets were the last of Shakespeare’s non-dramatic works to be printed. Scholars are not certain when each of the 154 sonnets was composed, but evidence suggests that Shakespeare wrote sonnets throughout his career for a private readership. Even before the two unauthorised sonnets appeared in The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599, Francis Meres had referred in 1598 to Shakespeare’s â€Å"sugred Sonnets among his private friends†. Few analysts believe that the published collection follows Shakespeare’s intended sequence. He seems to have planned two contrasting series: one about uncontrollable lust for a married woman of dark complexion (the â€Å"dark lady†), and one about conflicted love for a fair young man (the â€Å"fair youth†). It remains unclear if these figures represent real individuals, or if the authorial â€Å"I† who addresses them represents Shakespeare himself, though Wordsworth believed that with the sonnets â€Å"Shakespeare unlocked his heart†. The 1609 edition was dedicated to a â€Å"Mr. W. H. â€Å", credited as â€Å"the only begetter† of the poems. It is not known whether this was written by Shakespeare himself or by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, whose initials appear at the foot of the dedication page; nor is it known who Mr. W. H. was, despite numerous theories, or whether Shakespeare even authorised the publication. Critics praise the Sonnets as a profound meditation on the nature of love, sexual passion, procreation, death, and time. ESTABLISHING HIMSELF By 1597, 15 of the 37 plays written by William Shakespeare were published. Civil records show that at this time he purchased the second largest house in Stratford, called New House, for his family. It was a four-day ride by horse from Stratford to London, so it is believed that Shakespeare spent most of his time in the city writing and acting and came home once a year during the 40-day Lenten period, when the theatres were closed. By 1599, William Shakespeare and his business partners built their own theater on the south bank of the Thames River, which they called the Globe. In 1605, Shakespeare purchased leases of real estate near Stratford for 440 pounds, which doubled in value and earned him 60 pounds a year. THE MERMAID TAVERN GROUP About this time Shakespeare became one of the group of now-famous writers who gathered at the Mermaid Tavern located on Bread Street in Cheapside. The Friday Street Club (also called the Mermaid Clu was formed by Sir Walter Raleigh. Ben Jonson was its leading spirit. Shakespeare was a popular member. He was admired for his talent and loved for his kindliness. Thomas Fuller, writing about 50 years later, gave an amusing account of the conversational duels between Shakespeare and Jonson: â€Å"Many were the wit-combats betwixt him and Ben Jonson; which two I behold like a Spanish great galleon and an English man-of-war; Master Jonson (like the former) was built far higher in learning; solid, but slow, in his performances. Shakespeare, with the English man-of-war, lesser in bulk, but lighter in sailing, could turn with all tides, tack about, and take advantage of all winds, by the quickness of his wit and invention. † Jonson sometimes criticized Shakespeare harshly. Nevertheless he later wrote a eulogy of Shakespeare that is remarkable for its feeling and acuteness. In it he said: Leave thee alone, for the comparison Of all that insolent Greece or haughty Rome Sent forth, or since did from their ashes come. Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time! Sweet Swan of Avon! what a sight it were To see thee in our waters yet appear, And make those flights upon the banks of Thames, That so did take Eliza, and our James! WRITING STYLE William Shakespeare’s early plays were written in the conventional style of the day, with elaborate metaphors and rhetorical phrases that didn’t always align naturally with the story’s plot or characters. However, Shakespeare was very innovative, adapting the traditional style to his own purposes and creating a freer flow of words. With only small degrees of variation, Shakespeare primarily used a metrical pattern consisting of lines of unrhymed iambic pentameter, or blank verse, to compose his plays. At the same time, there are passages in all the plays that deviate from this and use forms of poetry or simple prose. Shakespeare combined poetic genius with a practical sense of the theatre. Like all playwrights of the time, he dramatised stories from sources such as Plutarch and Holinshed. He reshaped each plot to create several centres of interest and to show as many sides of a narrative to the audience as possible. This strength of design ensures that a Shakespeare play can survive translation, cutting and wide interpretation without loss to its core drama. As Shakespeare’s mastery grew, he gave his characters clearer and more varied motivations and distinctive patterns of speech. MARRIAGE AND LIFE IN LONDON In 1582, when he was 18, he married Anne Hathaway. She was from Shottery, a village a mile (1. 6 kilometers) from Stratford. Anne was seven or eight years older than Shakespeare. From this difference in their ages, a story arose that they were unhappy together. Their first daughter, Susanna, was born in 1583. In 1585 a twin boy and girl, Hamnet and Judith, were born. What Shakespeare did between 1583 and 1592 is not known. Various stories are told. He may have taught school, worked in a lawyer’s office, served on a rich man’s estate, or traveled with a company of actors. One famous story says that about 1584 he and some friends were caught poaching on the estate of Sir Thomas Lucy of Carlecote, near Warwick, and were forced to leave town. A less likely story is that he was in London in 1588. There he was supposed to have held horses for theater patrons and later to have worked in the theaters as a page. By 1592, however, Shakespeare was definitely in London and was already recognized as an actor and playwright. He was then 28 years old. In that year Robert Greene, a playwright, accused him of borrowing from the plays of others. Between 1592 and 1594, plague kept the London theaters closed most of the time. During these years Shakespeare wrote his earliest sonnets and two long narrative poems, ‘Venus and Adonis’ and ‘The Rape of Lucrece’. Both were printed by Richard Field, a boyhood friend from Stratford. They were well received and helped establish him as a poet. RELIGION Some scholars claim that members of Shakespeare’s family were Catholics, at a time when Catholic practice was against the law. Shakespeare’s mother, Mary Arden, certainly came from a pious Catholic family. The strongest evidence might be a Catholic statement of faith signed by John Shakespeare, found in 1757 in the rafters of his former house in Henley Street. The document is now lost, however, and scholars differ as to its authenticity. In 1591 the authorities reported that John Shakespeare had missed church â€Å"for fear of process for debt†, a common Catholic excuse. In 1606 the name of William’s daughter Susanna appears on a list of those who failed to attend Easter communion in Stratford. Scholars find evidence both for and against Shakespeare’s Catholicism in his plays, but the truth may be impossible to prove either way. SHAKESPEARE PROSPERS Until 1598 Shakespeare’s theater work was confined to a district northeast of London. This was outside the city walls, in the parish of Shoreditch. Located there were two playhouses, the Theatre and the Curtain. Both were managed by James Burbage, whose son Richard Burbage was Shakespeare’s friend and the greatest tragic actor of his day. Up to 1596 Shakespeare lived near these theaters in Bishopsgate, where the North Road entered the city. Sometime between 1596 and 1599, he moved across the Thames River to a district called Bankside. There, two theaters, the Rose and the Swan, had been built by Philip Henslowe. He was James Burbage’s chief competitor in London as a theater manager. The Burbages also moved to this district in 1598 and built the famous Globe Theatre. Its sign showed Atlas supporting the world. Shakespeare was associated with the Globe Theatre for the rest of his active life. He owned shares in it, which brought him much money. Meanwhile, in 1597, Shakespeare had bought New Place, the largest house in Stratford. During the next three years he bought other property in Stratford and in London. The year before, his father, probably at Shakespeare’s suggestion, applied for and was granted a coat of arms. It bore the motto Non sanz droict–Not without right. From this time on, Shakespeare could write â€Å"Gentleman† after his name. This meant much to him, for in his day actors were classed legally with criminals and vagrants. Shakespeare’s name first appeared on the title pages of his printed plays in 1598. In the same year Francis Meres, in ‘Palladis Tamia: Wit’s Treasury’, praised him as a poet and dramatist. Meres’s comments on 12 of Shakespeare’s plays showed that Shakespeare’s genius was recognized in his own time. HONORED AS ACTOR AND PLAYWRIGHT Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603. King James I followed her to the throne. Shakespeare’s theatrical company was taken under the king’s patronage and called the King’s Company. Shakespeare and the other actors were made officers of the royal household. The theatrical company was the most successful of its time. Before it was the King’s Company, it had been known as the Earl of Derby’s and the Lord Chamberlain’s. In 1608 the company acquired the Blackfriars Theatre. This was a smaller and more aristocratic theater than the Globe. Thereafter the company alternated between the two playhouses. Plays by Shakespeare were also performed at the royal court and in the castles of the nobles. After 1603 Shakespeare probably acted little, although he was still a good actor. His favorite roles seem to have been old Adam in ‘As You Like It’ and the Ghost in ‘Hamlet’. In 1607, when he was 43, he may have suffered a serious physical breakdown. In the same year his older daughter Susanna married John Hall, a doctor. The next year Shakespeare’s first grandchild, Elizabeth, was born. Also in 1607 his brother Edmund, also a London actor, died at the age of 27. GLOBE THEATRE The Globe Theatre was a theatre in London associated with William Shakespeare. It was built in 1599 by Shakespeare’s playing company, the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, on land owned by Thomas Brend and inherited by his son, Nicholas Brend and grandson Sir Matthew Brend, and was destroyed by fire on 29 June 1613. A second Globe Theatre was built on the same site by June 1614 and closed in 1642. A modern reconstruction of the Globe, named â€Å"Shakespeare’s Globe†, opened in 1997 approximately 750 feet (230 m) from the site of the original theatre. The Globe was owned by actors who were also shareholders in Lord Chamberlain’s Men. Two of the six Globe shareholders, Richard Burbage and his brother Cuthbert Burbage, owned double shares of the whole, or 25% each; the other four men, Shakespeare, John Heminges, Augustine Phillips, andThomas Pope, owned a single share FAMOUS QUOTES All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players: they have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. – Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. – Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player, that struts and frets his hour upon the stage, and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing. – Listen to many, speak to a few. CRITICAL REPUTATION Shakespeare was not revered in his lifetime, but he received a large amount of praise. In 1598, the cleric and author Francis Meres singled him out from a group of English writers as â€Å"the most excellent† in both comedy and tragedy. And the authors of the Parnassus plays at St John’s College, Cambridge, numbered him with Chaucer, Gower and Spenser. In the First Folio, Ben Jonson called Shakespeare the â€Å"Soul of the age, the applause, delight, the wonder of our stage†, though he had remarked elsewhere that â€Å"Shakespeare wanted art†. FIRST FOLIO Mr. William Shakespeares’ Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is the 1623 published collection of William Shakespeare’s plays. Modern scholars commonly refer to it as the First Folio. Printed in folio format and containing 36 plays (see list of Shakespeare’s plays), it was prepared by Shakespeare’s colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the â€Å"incomparable pair of brethren† William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery (later 4th Earl of Pembroke). Although eighteen of Shakespeare’s plays had been published in quarto prior to 1623, the First Folio is the only reliable text for about twenty of the plays, and a valuable source text even for many of those previously published. The Folio includes all of the plays generally accepted to be Shakespeare’s, with the exception of Pericles, Prince of Tyre and The Two Noble Kinsmen, and the two â€Å"lost plays†, Cardenio and Love’s Labour’s Won. W. W. Greg has argued that Edward Knight, the â€Å"book-keeper† or â€Å"book-holder† (prompter) of the King’s Men, did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for the First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the company’s scripts, and making sure that the cuts and changes ordered by the Master of the Revels were complied with. DEATH Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 and was survived by his wife and two daughters. Susanna had married a physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare’s death. In his will, Shakespeare left the bulk of his large estate to his elder daughter Susanna. The terms instructed that she pass it down intact to â€Å"the first son of her body†. Shakespeare’s will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one third of his estate automatically. He did make a point, however, of leaving her â€Å"my second best bed†, a bequest that has led to much speculation. Some scholars see the bequest as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bed and therefore rich in significance. Shakespeare was buried in the chancel of the Holy Trinity Church two days after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone slab covering his grave includes a curse against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration of the church in 2008.

Causes and Ways to Reduce Fatal Accidents

Accidents involving fatalities during the festive seasons has increased drastically. We should take this as a serious matter as it brings a lot of negative impacts to the road users and people around us. Based on a survey which has been conducted recently, the number of road accidents in 2013 has increased about 25 percent compared to last few years. Authorities believe that the number of death toll in road accidents will increase continuously throughout the year if there is no strict rules are imposed.There are many reasons why there has been an increase in fatal accidents over the year. Firstly, drunk drinking is the main reason that causes road accidents. Intake of certain amount of alcoholic drinks will make one feel unconscious and unwell. When he or she lapses into unconsciousness, he or she might not be able to drive with a sober mind. This is because their mental power is unable to function well at that moment and they tend to lose their senses as well . Besides that, neglige nce and reckless driving also cause fatal accidents.Reckless rivers usually like to break rules and even tend to challenge the police officers. Some the drivers like to tail along ambulances during emergency cases when the siren is on. Those are the irresponsible road users that should be suspended or fined . On the other hand, talking or messaging on the mobile phones while during driving is Jeopardizing your own life and the lives of your loved ones. People like to use their phones to chat incessantly and keep looking at their phones every second. Sometimes, we should limit oneself not overuse it especially when you are driving.Road users should always be caution and pay full attention while behind the wheels. In addition, exhaustion and tiredness can cause road tragedy. When a person travels long distance to reach the respective destinations, they will feel drowsy and exhausted which make them to lose focus on driving. Some of them even fall asleep behind the steering wheel. In o rder to avoid any untoward tragedy, one should get enough rest before starting your Jorney. Also, do not take any medicine while driving on the road. There are many ways to overcome the fatal incidents.Government should remind all road users to always adhere to speed limit and not to beat the red light. Observation of traffic rules and regulations will ensure a safe Journey. Government should also launch some campaigns in order to develop awareness among the motorists. In a nutshell, all parties should play their parts efficiently in order to reduce the road accidents. A I Malaysian drivers are urged to practice courtesy and consideration at all times while on the road because millions of vehicles will be sharing the same road. Remember, better to be safe than sorry.

The Cult of Domesticity

The Cult of Domesticity In the middle of the 19th century, the movement known as the Cult of Domesticity, or True Womanhood, took hold in the United States and Britain. It was a philosophy in which womens value was based upon their ability to stay home and perform their duties as wives and mothers, and their willingness to abide by a series of very specific virtues. Did You Know? The cult of domesticity, or true womanhood, was an idealized set of societal standards that became popular with middle- and upper-class women in the late 19th century.Piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity were the mark of femininity during this period.The early cult of domesticity led to the development of the womens movement, in direct response to the standards set upon women by society. True Womanhood in the 19th Century Although there was not a formal movement that was actually entitled Cult of Domesticity, scholars have come to use this term to refer to the social environment in which many middle- and upper-class 19th century women lived. The term itself was coined in the 1960s by historian Barbara Welter, who also referred to it by its contemporary name, True Womanhood. Victorian family life revolved around domestic pursuits. ilbusca / Getty Images In this social system, gender ideologies of the time assigned women the role of the moral protector of home and family life; a womans value was intrinsically tied to her success in domestic pursuits such as keeping a clean house, raising pious children, and being submissive and obedient to her husband. The idea that this was part of womens natural place in the family dynamic was emphasized by womens magazines, religious literature, and gift books, all of which stressed that the way to true femininity was by adhering to a series of specific virtues as guidelines: piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity. The Virtues of Domestic Life Religion, or piety, was the foundation upon which a womans role in the cult of domesticity was built; women were seen as naturally more pious than men. It was believed that it was up to women to present the spiritual cornerstone of family life; she was to be strong in her faith, and raise her children with a strong Biblical education. She was to guide her husband and offspring in morality and virtue, and if they were to slip, the onus of responsibility fell to the wife or mother. More importantly, religion was a pursuit that could be followed from home, permitting women to stay out of the public sphere. Women were warned not to let intellectual pursuits, such as reading novels or newspapers, lead them astray from the word of God. Purity was a womans greatest virtue in the 19th century; the absence of it tarnished her as a fallen women, and marked her as unworthy of the comforts of good society. Virginity was to be protected at all costs, and death was considered preferable to the loss of virtue. The gift of a womans chastity to her husband was something to be treasured on their wedding night; sex was to be endured as part of the sacred bond of marriage. By contrast, if women were expected to be pure and modest, men were expected to try to challenge that virtue at every possible opportunity. It was up to women to keep amorous suitors at bay. A true woman was submissive to her husband, to whom she was completely dedicated. Because staying home with the family was an integral part of the cult of domesticity, women were wholly financially dependent upon their spouses. It was up to him to make the decisions for the entire household, while she remained passive and supportive. After all, God had made men superior, so it stood to reason that they were in charge. Young ladies were advised to respect their husbands wishes, even if they didnt agree with his opinions. Finally, domesticity was the end goal of the cult of true womanhood. A woman who considered working outside the home was seen as a unfeminine and unnatural. Ladylike activities such as needlework and cooking were acceptable forms of labor, as long as it was done in ones own home and not for employment. Reading was frowned upon, other than religious texts, because it distracted women from important things like caring for their children and spouse. They provided comfort and happiness, often at the expense of their own silent suffering, so that their menfolk would have a pleasant home to return to each day; if a man strayed and wanted to be elsewhere, it was the fault of his wife for not meeting his domestic needs. Although all women were expected to abide by the standards of true womanhood, in reality, it was predominantly white, Protestant, upper-class women who did so. Thanks to social prejudices of the period, women of color, working women, immigrants, and those who were lower on the socioeconomic ladder were excluded from the chance to ever be true paragons of domestic virtue. The Womens Movement in Response to Cult of Domesticity Victorian woman unpacking her basket in the kitchen.   Whitemay / DigitalVision Vectors / Getty Images Some historians have argued that working-class women who were employed as servants, thus taking them into the private, domestic sphere, did in fact contribute to the cult of domesticity, unlike their peers who worked in factories or other public places. Teresa Valdez says, [W]orking-class women were subsequently choosing to remain  in  the private realm. The same study shows that the majority of servants were young single women. This indicates that these women were preparing for their lives as wives and mothers by supporting their father’s household through work in a private home. Regardless, this social construct of true womanhood led directly to the development of feminism, as the womens movement formed in direct response to the strict standards set out by the cult of domesticity. White women who had to work found themselves excluded from the concept of true womanhood, and so consciously rejected its guidelines. Women of color, both enslaved and free, did not have the luxury of the protections afforded to true women, no matter how pious or pure they might have been. In 1848, the first womens movement convention was held in Seneca Falls, NY, and many women felt that it was time for them to begin fighting for equal rights. During the second half of the 19th century, when the right to vote was extended to all white men, women who advocated for suffrage were seen as unfeminine and unnatural. By the time the Progressive Era began, around 1890, women were vocally advocating for the right to pursue educational, professional, and intellectual pursuits of their own, outside of the sphere of home and family. This ideal that emerged of the New Woman was a direct contrast to the cult of domesticity, and women began taking on jobs in the public sector, smoking cigarettes, using birth control methods, and making their own financial decisions. In 1920, women finally gained the right to vote. In the years following World War II, there was a slight resurgence of the cult of domesticity, as Americans in particular sought a return to the idealized family life that theyd known before the war years. Popular films and television shows portrayed women as the foundation of the home, domestic life, and childrearing. However, because many women not only maintained their family life but also held down jobs, there was once again resistance. Soon, feminism reappeared, in what historians call the second wave, and women began fighting in earnest for equality once again, in direct response to the oppressive standards laid upon them by the cult of domesticity. Sources Lavender, Catherine. â€Å"Ê ºNotes on The Cult of Domesticity and True Womanhood.†Ã‚  The College of Staten Island/CUNY, 1998, csivc.csi.cuny.edu/history/files/lavender/386/truewoman.pdf. Prepared for Students in HST 386: Women in the City, Department of HistoryValdez, Teresa. â€Å"The British Working Class Participation In The Cult Of Domesticity.†Ã‚  StMU History Media - Featuring Historical Research, Writing, and Media at St. Marys University, 26 Mar. 2019, stmuhistorymedia.org/the-british-working-class-participation-in-the-cult-of-domesticity/.Welter, Barbara. â€Å"The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820-1860.†Ã‚  American Quarterly, The Johns Hopkins University Press, www.csun.edu/~sa54649/355/Womanhood.pdf. Vol. 18, No. 2, Part 1 (Summer, 1966), pp. 151-174